Enhanced secretion of a polypeptide by a microorganism

ABSTRACT

Described herein are methods for the enhanced production of secreted proteins. The secretion of a protein of interest having a substantially non-polar carboxy tail is enhanced by the placement of charged amino acid residues at the carboxy terminus either by adding to the native peptide or by replacing, i.e., substituting, the terminal residues of the native peptide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e), the present application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/239,531, entitled “Enhanced Secretion of a Polypeptide by a Microorganism”, filed Oct. 10, 2000, by Marc Kolkman.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the production and secretion of a selected polypetide. More particularly, the present invention provides for the enhanced secretion of a selected polypeptide by a microorganism, such as a Bacillus species.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Eubacteria export numerous proteins across the plasma membrane into either the periplasmic space (Gram-negative species), or the growth medium (Gram-positive species). The Gram-positive eubacterium Bacillus subtilis and, in particular, its close relatives Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis are well known for their high capacity to secrete proteins (at gram per liter concentrations) into the medium. This property, which allows the efficient separation of (secreted) proteins from the bulk cytoplasmic protein complement, has led to the commercial exploitation of the latter bacilli as important “cell factories.” Despite their high capacity to secrete proteins of Gram-positive origin, the secretion of recombinant proteins from Gram-negative eubacterial or eukaryotic origin by Bacillus species is often inefficient.

General strategies for the secretion of heterologous proteins by bacilli are based on the in-frame fusion of the respective protein with an amino-terminal signal peptide that directs this protein into a secretion pathway, for example the Sec-dependent secretory pathway. Upon translocation across the membrane, the signal peptide is removed by a signal peptidase, which is a prerequisite for the release of the translocated protein from the membrane, and its secretion into the medium.

Proteolysis in bacteria serves to rid the cell of abnormal, and misfolded proteins. A unique mechanism for the destruction of abnormal proteins resulting from abortive termination of translation is provided by the SsrA-mediated tagging and degradation system (for a recent review, see Karzai et al. (2000). The SsrA-SmpB system for protein tagging, directed degradation and ribosome rescue. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7:449-455.). SsrA, also called 10 Sa RNA or tmRNA is a highly conserved RNA molecule in eubacteria. It is a unique molecule that can act as both a tRNA and an mRNA in a process referred to as trans-translation (Atkins et al. 1996. A case for trans translation. Nature 379:769-771, Jentsch 1996. When proteins receive deadly messages at birth. Science 271:955-956, Keiler et al. 1996. Role of a peptide tagging system in degradation of proteins synthesized from damaged messenger RNA. Science 271:990-993). This mechanism provides the cell a way to release ribosomes that are stalled on untranslatable mRNAs, e.g. mRNAs lacking in-frame stop codons. In the model for SsrA action, SsrA charged with alanine enters the A site of a stalled ribosome, mimicking a tRNA. The alanine is added to the uncompleted polypeptide chain; and then, serving as an mRNA, SsrA provides a short reading frame followed by a stop codon as a template to add a short peptide to the nascent polypeptide before translation terminates and a tagged protein is released. The peptide tag (encoded by SsrA) functions as a proteolytic degradation signal, and in Eschernichia coli four proteases have been identified that degrade proteins tagged by SsrA. ClpXP, ClpAP, and FtsH (HfIB) degrade SsrA tagged proteins in the cytoplasm (Gottesman et al. 1998. The ClpXP and ClpAP proteases degrade proteins with carboxy-terminal peptide tails added by the SsrA-tagging system. Genes Dev. 12:1338-1347, Herman et al. 1998. Degradation of carboxy-terminal-tagged cytoplasmic proteins by the Escherichia coil protease HflB (FtsH). Genes Dev. 12:1348-1355), while SsrA tagged proteins with signal peptides that are exported to the periplasm of E. coli are degraded by Tsp (Prc) protease (Keiler et al. 1996).

Protein production and secretion from Bacillus species is a major production tool With a market of over $1 billion per year. However, proteolysis of proteins by endogenous proteases diminishes the production capability of these microorganisms. Thus, it would be beneficial to have an mechanism for the enhanced production and secretion proteins. The present invention provides such an advantage by changing the nonpolar C-terminus of a protein by adding charged, polar residues (or by replacing amino acids), so that the proteins are protected against the bacillus proteases that degrade SsrA-tagged proteins.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are methods for the enhanced production of peptides in a host cell.

In one aspect of the invention, the present invention provides methods for increasing secretion of proteins from host microorganisms. In one embodiment of the present invention, the protein is homologous or naturally occurring in the host microorganism. In another embodiment of the present invention, the protein is heterologous to the host microorganism. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for increasing secretion of a protein in a host cell using an expression vector comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein of interest wherein said nucleic acid sequence is under the control of expression signals capable of expressing said protein of interest in a host microorganism; introducing the expression vector into a host microorganism capable of expressing said protein and culturing said microorganism under conditions suitable for expression of said secretion factor and secretion of said protein.

In one embodiment, the host cell is transformed with a first DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide operably linked to a second DNA sequence encoding a protein. Said protein may be, but not limited to, hormones, enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, antibodies and the like. In another embodiment, the enzyme includes, but is not limited to hydrolases, such as protease, esterase, lipase, phenol oxidase, permease, amylase, pullulanase, cellulase, glucose isomerase, laccase and protein disulfide isomerase. The second DNA sequence may encode a protein that has been modified such that its carboxy-terminus possesses at least one, preferably two, charged amino acids. Such modification may be by substitution of the native carboxy-terminal residues or addition of a tag sequence to the native protein's carboxy-terminus.

Further provided herein is a method of enhancing resistance to proteolysis of a protein. In a preferred embodiment the protein is a secreted protein. It is contemplated that the protein will comprise a tag wherein the tag comprises at least one charged amino acid residue. The charged amino acid residue may be either a positively charged residue or it may be a negatively charged residue.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the scope and spirit of the invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. A. Northem blot of total RNA of B. subtilis 168 and B. subtilis 168 ΔssrA, hybridized with an ssrA specific probe. At the bottom: the level of 16 S RNA in both RNA samples. B. Growth curves of B. subtilis 168 (-∘-) and B. subtilis 168 ΔssrA (-

-) at 37° C. in TSB medium. C. Growth of B. subtilis 168 and B. subtilis 168 ΔssrA on HI-agar plates at 25° C. or 45° C.

FIG. 2. hIL-3 expressed from an mRNA without a stop codon (pLATIL3TERM), accumulates in the medium of B. subtilis lacking SsrA (lanes 3, 6, 9), but not in cells containing functional SsrA (lanes 2, 5, 8). At three different growth stages, samples were collected from cultures of B. subtilis 168 (pLATIL3) [lanes 1, 4, 7], B. subtilis 168 (pLATIL3TERM) [lanes 2, 5, 8], and B. subtilis 168 ΔssrA (pLATIL3TERM) [lane 3, 6, 9]. After centrifugation, the proteins in the culture supernatants were concentrated by TCA precipitation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with anti-hIL-3 antibodies. The amount of total extracellular protein of B. subtilis 168 (pLATIL3) that was applied to the gel [lanes 1, 4, 7] was 10 times less then that of B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3TERM) [lanes 2, 5, 8] or B. subitilis 168 ΔssrA (pLATIL3TERM) [lanes 3, 6, 9]. M indicates a lane with a prestained protein ladder; the molecular weight of the upper band corresponds to 20 kDa, that of the lower band to 15 kDa.

FIG. 3. Stability of hIL-3 variants with different C-terminal tags.

(A). Western blot analysis of hIL-3 protein variants produced by B. subitilis 168 transformed with plasmid pLATIL3 (lane 1), pLATIL3BStag (expression of hIL-3 with a C-terminal B. subitilis SsrA tag (AA-tag): hIL-3-AGKTNSFNQNVALAA; lane 2), pLATIL3DDtag (expression of hIL-3 with a DD-tag: hIL-3-AGKTNSFNQNVALDD; lane 3), and pLATIL3ECtag (expression of hIL-3 with a C-terminal E. coli SsrA tag (EC-tag): hIL-3-AANDENYALAA; lane 4). Culture supernatants of cells entering the stationary phase were collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with anti-hIL-3 antibody.

(B). Pulse-chase assays: Cells of B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3BStag) and 168 (pLATIL3DDtag) were labeled with [³⁵S]-methionine for 1′ prior to chase with excess non-radioactive methionine. Samples were withdrawn at the times indicated, centrifuged and the culture supernatants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography.

(C). The amounts of hIL-3-AAtag and hIL3-DDtag in (B) were quantified by determination of the radioactivity in the dried gel using a Phosphorlmager (Molecular Dynamics) and plotted.

FIG. 4. The ‘major extracellular proteases’ of B. subitilis play a role in the degradation of extracellular, SsrA-tagged h-IL3. Western blot analysis of hIL-3 protein secreted by B. subitilis 168 harboring plasmid pLATIL3 (lane 1, 6) or pLATIL3TERM (lane 2, 7), and B. subitilis WB606 (a multiple protease negative strain) containing plasmid pLATIL3TERM and expressing either wild-type SsrA (lane 3, 8), no SsrA (lane 4, 9) or ,SsrA^(DD) (lane 5, 10). Culture supernatants of cells entering the stationary phase were collected, concentrated by TCA precipitation, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-hIL-3 antibody (lanes 1-5) or anti-Bs-SsrAtag antibody (lanes 6-10). SsrA-tagged hIL-3 (lanes 3, 5, 8, 10), run-off hIL-3 translation product (lane 4, and possibly also in lane 3 and 5, see text), and wild-type hIL-3 (lane 1) are indicated by the arrows (→). Protein bands with lower molecular weight that also react with anti-hIL-3 antibody are supposedly degradation products of hIL-3, SsrA-tagged hIL-3 or run-off hIL-3 translation product.

FIG. 5. B. subitilis CtpA has an additional role in the degradation of SsrA-tagged hIL-3. Western blot analysis of hIL-3 protein secreted by B. subitilis WB600 harboring plasmid (pLATIL3TERM) and carrying either no additional mutation (lane 1, 6), or lacking CtpA (lane 2, 7), YvjB (lane 3, 8), ClPP (lane 4, 9), or SsrA (lane 5, 10). Culture supernatants of cells entering the stationary phase were collected, concentrated by TCA precipitation, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with anti-hIL-3 antibody (lane 1-5) or anti-Bs-SsrAtag antibody (lane 6-10). The straight arrows (→) mark SsrA-tagged hIL-3 (lanes 14 and lanes 6-9), and run-off translation product (lane 5 and possibly (see text) also in lanes 1-4). Degradation products of (SsrA-tagged) hIL-3 are indicated by ˜>.

FIG. 6. Tagging of native B. subitilis proteins. Total intracellular or extracellular proteins produced by cells in the exponential, growth phase or stationary phase of B. subitilis 168 expressing wild-type SsrA (AA), 168 IssrA ^(DD) expressing SsrA^(DD) (DD), or 168 ΔssrA containing no SsrA RNA (−) were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-Bs-SsrAtag antibody.

FIG. 7. A native protein and examples of the types of tags encompassed by the instant invention. (A) Depicts the sequence of human interleukin-3; the (native) signal peptide is in bold. (B) Depicts the IL-3 sequence encoded by plasmid pLATIL3. The sequence of AmyL[ss]-interleukin-3 is for hIL-3 secretion in Bacillus: the AmyL signal peptide is in bold, and this expressed IL-3 lacks the last four amino acids (LAIF) of native hIL-3. The tag is in italics. (C) Depicts IL-3 with a tag that is a substitution of the native protein's terminal two amino acids. The tag is in italics. (D) Depicts a tag that is an addition to the native protein's carboxy terminus.

Here the sequence of hIL3 as encoded by pLATIL3 with the SsrA-DD tag at the C-terminus [hIL3-DD] (signal peptide in bold, C-terminal tag in italics) is shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention will now be described in detail by way of reference only using the following definitions and examples. All patents and publications, including all sequences disclosed within such patents and publications, referred to herein are expressly incorporated by reference.

The present invention provides for a process to enhance the production of a desired secreted polypeptide by a suitable host cell. In particular, the present invention may be applicable to increase protein production by B. subitilis . Changing the last two C-terminal amino acids residues into at least one, preferably two, charged amino acid residues or adding at least one, preferably two, charged amino acid residues to the COOH-terminus of a protein may be used to increase the yield of any protein secreted by B. subitilis. A longer tag sequence may be utilized in the present invention. Especially the secretion of proteins that have a pi value >7 may be improved by this concept. In general, the minor alteration (adding or replacing two amino acid residues) itself should not lead to a dramatic change in e.g. the specific activity of an enzyme or the thermostablity.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Singleton, et aL., DICTIONARY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 2D ED., John Wiley and Sons, New York (1994), and Hale & Marham, THE HARPER COLLINS DICTIONARY OF BIOLOGY, Harper Perennial, N.Y. (1991) provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this invention. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of the invention which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.

Host Cell

“Host cell” means a cell that has the capacity to act as a host and expression vehicle for an expression cassette according to the invention. In one embodiment, the host cell is a microorganism. In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, “host cell” means the cells of Bacillus. As used herein, the genus Bacillus includes all members known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to B. subitilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans, B. ciculans, B. lautus and B. thuringiensis. Other cells useful in the present invention include Acinetobacter, Thermus, Deinococcus Radiodurans.

Polypeptide or Protein

The term “polypeptide” as used herein refers to a compound made up of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds. The term “protein” as used herein may be synonymous with the term “polypeptide” or may refer, in addition, to a complex of two or more polypeptides.

Additionally, a “protein of interest” or “polypeptide of interest” refers to the protein to be expressed and secreted by the host cell. The protein of interest may be any protein that up until now has been considered for expression in prokaryotes. The protein of interest may be either homologous or heterologous to the host.

The term “chimeric polypeptide” and “fusion polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a protein that comprises at least two separate and distinct regions that may or may not originate from the same protein. For example, a signal peptide linked to the protein of interest wherein the signal peptide is not normally associated with the protein of interest would be termed a chimeric polypeptide or chimeric protein.

Signal Sequence

A “signal peptide” as used herein refers to an amino-terminal extension on a protein to be secreted. “Signal sequence” is used interchangeably herein. Nearly all secreted proteins use an amino-terminal protein extension which plays a crucial role in the targeting to and translocation of precursor proteins across the membrane and which is proteolytically removed by a signal peptidase during or immediately following membrane transfer.

In preferred embodiments the signal sequence is selected from sec-dependent signal peptides or tat-dependent signal peptides derived from Bacillus.

Enhanced

The present invention is directed to the enhanced production and secretion of a protein of interest. When discussing expression enhanced has the following meanings. In the case a homologous protein enhanced should be read as expression above normal levels in said host. In the case of a heterologous protein basically any expression is, of course, enhanced.

When discussing resistance to proteolysis, enhanced means that the protein of interest has an increased half-life when compared to an altered form of the protein of interest, e.g., untagged.

Non-Polar

As used herein, the term “non-polar” refers to the amino acid content of the carboxy tail of a protein. For example, when the last five amino acids at the C-terminus are selected from nonpolar amino acid residues (A, V, L, I, P, F, W, M) the tail is considered nonpolar. If one or two of these last five residues are uncharged polar (G, S, T, C, Y, N, Q), the tail would still be considered substantially nonpolar.

In contrast, if one or two of the last two amino acids at the C-terminus is/are charged polar: D or E (negatively charged) or K, R or H (positively charged), the tail would be considered polar, charged and, according to the present invention, this makes the protein resistant against proteolytic degradation by a subclass of proteases that recognize nonpolar C-terminal tails of secreted proteins.

Tag Sequence

As used herein, a “tag sequence” or “tag” refers to a short peptide sequence on the carboxy terminus of an expressed protein that effects the proteolysis of the expressed protein. For example, the bacterial tag encoded by ssrA is cotranslationally added to truncated polypeptides, thereby targeting these molecules for proteolytic degradation. It is to be understood that in the present invention the addition of a tag serves to signal a decrease in proteolytic degradation, i.e., enhanced resistance to proteases, of proteins with substantially non-polar carboxy termini.

Preferably the tag is at least one charged amino acid residue. Preferably, the tag comprises two charged amino acid residues. The charged amino acid residue(s) may be positively charged. Alternatively, the charged amino acid residue(s) may be negatively charged.

The tag should be as short as possible, since the tag itself may influence the activity, specificity etc. of the protein product. In general, one can expect that a short tag of two or three amino acids has no or just a minor effect on folding of the protein (and thereby) the activity, specificity, etc. But there is probably no general rule for this, it depends on the nature of the protein/enzyme.

In another preferred embodiment, the tag may be a modified Bacillus SsrA tag. In an especially preferred embodiment the modified tag has the sequence AGKTNSFNQNVALDD (SEQ ID NO:______) or AGKTNSFNQNVALKK (SEQ ID NO:______).

Isolated or Purified

The terms “isolated” or “purified” as used herein refer to a nucleic acid or amino acid that is removed from at least one component with which it is naturally associated.

Native Protein or Polypeptide

As used herein, the terms “Native protein” or “Native polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a protein or polypeptide which has not been modified or altered at the last two amino acid residues located at the carboxy-terminus. In other words, the last two amino acid residues at the carboxy-terminus of the expressed protein or polypeptide are the same as those found in the naturally occurring protein or polypeptide. Other residues within the protein or polypeptide may be altered, modified or mutated.

Heterologous Protein

As used herein, the term “heterologous protein” refers to a protein or polypeptide that does not naturally occur in a host cell. Examples of heterologous proteins include enzymes such as hydrolases including proteases, cellulase amylases, other carbohydrases, and lipases; isomerases such as racemases, epimerases, tautomerases, or mutases; transferases, kinases and phophatases, hormones,,growth factors, cytokines, antibodies and the like.

Homologous Protein

The term “homologous protein” refers to a protein or polypeptide native or naturally occurring in a host cell. The invention includes host cells producing the homologous protein via recombinant DNA technology. The present invention encompasses a host cell having a deletion or interruption of the nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring homologous protein, such as a protease, and having nucleic acid encoding the homologous protein re-introduced in a recombinant form. In another embodiment, the host cell produces the homologous protein.

Nucleic Acid Molecule

The term “nucleic acid molecule” includes RNA, DNA and cDNA molecules. It will be understood that, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of nucleotide sequences encoding a given protein may be produced. The present invention contemplates every possible variant nucleotide sequence, encoding tag sequences, including but not limited to the individual amino acid residues of D, E, K and N, all of which are possible given the degeneracy of the genetic code.

A “heterologous” nucleic acid construct or sequence has a portion of the sequence that is not native to the cell in which it is expressed. Heterologous, with respect to a control sequence refers to a control sequence (i.e. promoter or enhancer) that does not function in nature to regulate the same gene the expression of which it is currently regulating. Generally, heterologous nucleic acid sequences are not endogenous to the cell or part of the genome in which they are present, and have been added to the cell, by infection, transfection, microinjection, electroporation, or the like. A “heterologous” nucleic acid construct may contain a control sequence/DNA coding sequence combination that is the same as, or different from a control sequence/DNA coding sequence combination found in the native cell.

Vector

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid construct designed for transfer between different host cells. An “expression vector” refers to a vector that has the ability to incorporate and express heterologous DNA fragments in a foreign cell. Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors are commercially available. Selection of appropriate expression vectors is within the knowledge of those having skill in the art.

Expression Cassette

Accordingly, an “expression cassette” or “expression vector” is a nucleic acid construct generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular nucleic acid in a target cell. The recombinant expression cassette can be incorporated into a plasmid, chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA, virus, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, the recombinant expression cassette portion of an expression vector includes, among other sequences, a nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed and a promoter.

Plasmid

As used herein, the term “plasmid” refers to a circular double-stranded (ds) DNA construct used as a cloning vector, and which forms an extrachromosomal self-replicating genetic element in many bacteria and some eukaryotes.

As used herein, the term “selectable marker-encoding nucleotide sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence which is capable of expression in mammalian cells and where expression of the selectable marker confers to cells containing the expressed gene the ability to grow in the presence of a corresponding selective agent.

Promoter

As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that functions to direct transcription of a downstream gene. The promoter will generally be appropriate to the host cell in which the target gene is being expressed. The promoter together with other transcriptional and translational regulatory nucleic acid sequences (also termed “control sequences”) are necessary to express a given gene. In general, the transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to, promoter, sequences, ribosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and stop sequences, translational start and stop sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences.

“Chimeric gene” or “heterologous nucleic acid construct”, as defined herein refers to a non-native gene (i.e., one that has been introduced into a host) that may be composed of parts of different genes, including regulatory elements. A chimeric gene construct for transformation of a host cell is typically composed of a transcriptional regulatory region (promoter) operably linked to a heterologous protein coding sequence, or, in a selectable marker chimeric gene, to a selectable marker gene encoding a protein conferring antibiotic resistance to transformed cells. A typical chimeric gene of the present invention, for transformation into a host cell, includes a transcriptional regulatory region that is constitutive or inducible, a signal peptide coding sequence, a protein coding sequence, and a terminator sequence. A chimeric gene construct may also include a second DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide if secretion of the target protein is desired.

A nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA encoding a secretory leader, i.e., a signal peptide, is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, “operably linked” means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.

As used herein, the term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain, that may or may not include regions preceding and following the coding region, e.g. 5′ untranslated (5′ UTR) or “leader” sequences and 3′ UTR or “trailer” sequences, as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).

The gene may encode therapeutically significant proteins or peptides, such as growth factors, cytokines, ligands, receptors and inhibitors, as well as vaccines and antibodies. The gene may encode commercially important industrial proteins or peptides, such as enzymes, e.g., proteases, carbohydrases such as amylases and glucoamylases, cellulases, oxidases and lipases. The gene of interest may be a naturally occurring gene, a mutated gene or a synthetic gene.

A nucleic acid sequence is considered to be “selectively hybridizable” to a reference nucleic acid sequence if the two sequences specifically hybridize to one another under moderate to high stringency hybridization and wash conditions. Hybridization conditions are based on the melting temperature (Tm) of the nucleic acid binding complex or probe. For example, “maximum stringency” typically occurs at about Tm−5° C. (5° below the Tm of the probe); “high stringency” at about 5-10° below the Tm; “intermediate stringency” at about 10-20° below the Tm of the probe; and “low stringency” at about 20-25° below the Tm. Functionally, maximum stringency conditions may be used to identify sequences having strict identity or near-strict identity with the hybridization probe; while high stringency conditions are used to identify sequences having about 80% or more sequence identity with the probe.

Moderate and high stringency hybridization conditions are well known in the art (see, for example, Sambrook, et al, 1989, Chapters 9 and 11, and in Ausubel, F. M., et a., 1993, expressly incorporated by reference herein). An example of high stringency conditions includes hybridization at about 42° C. in 50% formamide, 5×SSC, 5× Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and 100 μg/ml denatured carrier DNA followed by washing two times in 2×SSC and 0.5% SDS at room temperature and two additional times in 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 42° C.

As used herein, “recombinant” includes reference to a cell or vector, that has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found in identical form within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all as a result of deliberate human intervention.

As used herein, the terms “transformed”, “stably transformed” or “transgenic” with reference to a cell means the cell has a non-native (heterologous) nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome or as an episomal plasmid that is maintained through two or more generations.

As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the process by which a polypeptide is produced based on the nucleic acid sequence of a gene. The process includes both transcription and translation.

The term “introduced” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid sequence into a cell, means “transfection”, or “transformation” or “transduction” and includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid sequence into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid sequence may be incorporated into the genome of the cell (for example, chromosome, plasmid, plastid, or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, or transiently expressed (for example, transfected mRNA).

Proteolysis in bacteria serves to rid the cell of abnormal and misfolded proteins. A unique mechanism for the destruction of abnormal proteins resulting from abortive termination of translation is provided by the SsrA-mediated tagging and degradation system (for a recent review, see Karzai et al. 2000. The SsrA-SmpB system for protein tagging, directed degradation and ribosome rescue. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7:449-455). SsrA, also called 10Sa RNA or tmRNA is a highly conserved RNA molecule in eubacteria. It is a unique molecule that can act as both a tRNA and an mRNA in a process referred to as trans-translation (Atkins et al. 1996. A case for trans translation. Nature 379:769-771; Jentsch 1996. When proteins receive deadly messages at birth. Science 271:955-956; Keiler et al. 1996. Role of a peptide tagging system in degradation of proteins synthesized from damaged messenger RNA. Science 271:990-993). This mechanism provides the cell a way to release ribosomes that are stalled on untranslatable mRNAs, e.g. mRNAs lacking in-frame stop codons. In the model for SsrA action, SsrA charged with alanine enters the A site of a stalled ribosome, mimicking a tRNA. The alanine is added to the uncompleted polypeptide chain; and then, serving as an mRNA, SsrA provides a short reading frame followed by a stop codon as a template to add a short peptide to the nascent polypeptide before translation terminates and a tagged protein is released. The peptide tag (encoded by SsrA) functions as a proteolytic degradation signal, and in Escherichia coli four proteases have been identified that degrade proteins tagged by SsrA. ClpXP, ClpAP, and FtsH (HflB) degrade SsrA tagged proteins in the cytoplasm (Gottesman et al. 1998. The ClpXP and ClpAP proteases degrade proteins with carboxy-terminal peptide tails added by the SsrA-tagging system. Genes Dev. 12:1338-1347; Herman et al. 1998. Degradation of carboxy-terminal-tagged cytoplasmic proteins by the Escherichia coli protease HflB (FtsH). Genes Dev. 12:1348-1355), while SsrA tagged proteins with signal peptides that are exported to the periplasm of E. coli are degraded by Tsp (Prc) protease (Keiler et al. 1996).

Not only ribosome stalling on messages without in-frame stop codons leads to activation of the SsrA tagging system. It also occurs when ribosomes stall at clusters of rare codons in an mRNA when the cognate tRNA is scarce (Roche et al. 1999. SsrA-mediated peptide tagging caused by rare codons and tRNA scarcity. EMBO J. 18:4579-4589), and there may be more conditions that result in SsrA tagging. The whole story leading to the elucidation of SsrA function started with the observation by Tu et al. (1995. C-terminal extension of truncated recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli with a 10Sa RNA decapeptide. J. Biol. Chem. 270:9322-9326) that a fraction of mouse interleukin-6 expressed in E. coli is truncated and contained the SsrA tag. It is not clear why in this case part of the mIL-6 molecules were tagged by SsrA. Perhaps mIL-6 mRNA is relatively unstable in E. coli, leading to transcripts that are trimmed at the 3′ end by nucleases, thereby losing its stop codon. Alternatively, mIL-6 overexpression itself may lead to jamming at the ribosomes, thereby activating the SsrA tagging system. Whatever the reason is, contamination of recombinant proteins with molecules that are truncated and tagged by the SsrA system (and escape from degradation) restricts the usefulness of these molecules e.g. as pharmaceutical proteins. Therefore, peptide tagging according to the present invention, i.e., the utilization of a charged tag, in B. subitilis, an industrially important species used for the commercial production of various proteins provides a substantial benefit not found in the prior art.

B. subitilis SsrA has been isolated and sequenced several years ago (Ushida et al. 1994 tRNA-like structures in 10Sa RNAs of Mycoplasma capricolum and Bacillus subitilis. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3392-3396) and the sequence of the proteolysis tag encoded by B. subitilis SsrA ((A)GKTNSFNQNVALAA) has been predicted (Williams 2000. The tmRNA website. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:165-166). Recently, Wiegert and Schumann (2001. SsrA-mediated tagging in Bacillus subitilis. J. Bacteriol. 183:3885-3889) showed that the ClpXP protease is responsible for the degradation of intracellular SsrA-tagged proteins in B. subitilis. The instant invention provides for an enhanced protein stability via enhance protease resistance. In particular, the extracellular protease CtpA, and perhaps one or more of the major extracellular proteases of B. subitilis, play a role in the degradation of an extracellular, heterologous protein that was tagged by the SsrA system. It Is a benefit that tagged proteins according to the present invention are more resistant to proteolysis.

Possible Signal Sequences That May be Used

It is contemplated that any signal sequence that directs the nascent polypeptide into a secretory pathway may be used in the present invention. It is to be understood that as new signal sequences are discovered that they will be encompassed by the invention.

Signal peptides from two secretory pathways are specifically contemplated by the instant invention. The first pathway is the sec-dependent pathway. This pathway is well characterized and a number of putative signal sequences have been described. It is intended that all sec-dependent signal peptides are to be encompassed by the present invention. Specific examples include but are not limited to the AmyL and the AprE sequences. The AmyL sequence refers to the signal sequence for a-amylase and AprE refers to the AprE signal peptide sequence [AprE is subitisin in (also called alkaline protease) of B. subitilis].

The second pathway is the twin arginine translocation or Tat pathway. Similarly, it is intended that all tat-dependent signal peptides are to be encompassed by the present invention. Specific examples include but are not limited to the phoD and the lipA sequences.

Possible Proteins That May be Produced

The present invention is particularly useful in enhancing the production and secretion of proteins that possess non-polar or substantially non-polar carboxy termini. Thus, it is contemplated that a protein that comprises a signal sequence and a non-polar or substantially non-polar carboxy terminus would be useful in the present invention. The protein may be homologous or heterologous. Proteins that may produced by the instant invention include, but are not limited to, hormones, enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, antibodies and the like.

Enzymes include, but are not limited to, hydrolases, such as protease, esterase, lipase, phenol oxidase, permease, amylase, pullulanase, cellulase, glucose isomerase, laccase and protein disulfide isomerase.

Hormones include, but are not limited to, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, somatostatin, gonedotropin hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin, erythropoietin, insulin and the like.

Growth factors are proteins that bind to receptors on the cell surface, with the primary result of activating cellular proliferation and/or differentiation. Growth factors include, but are not limited to, platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factors and the like.

Cytokines are a unique family of growth factors. Secreted primarily from leukocytes, cytokines stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune responses, as well as the activation of phagocytic cells. Cytokines include, but are not limited to, colony stimulating factors, the interleukins (IL-1 (α and β), IL-2 through IL-13) and the interferons (α, β and γ).

Human Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a 15 kDa protein containing 133 amino acid residues. IL-3 is a species specific colony stimulating factor which stimulates colony formation of megakaryocytes, neutrophils, and macro phages from bone marrow cultures.

Antibodies include, but are not limited to, immunoglobulins from any species from which it is desirable to produce large quantities. It is especially preferred that the antibodies are human antibodies. Immunoglobulins may be from any class, i.e., G, A, M, E or D.

Possible Tags That May be Used

Tags may either be added to the carboxy terminus of a protein or substituted for the amino acids of the protein's carboxy terminus. If the protein has been tagged by the addition of amino acid residues the tag is preferably up to 20 additional residues preferably about 15, more preferred 1-14, even more preferred 1-11, and most preferred 1-3, wherein the last one or, two amino acid residues are charged. FIG. 7D depicts a protein with a tag added on to its carboxy terminus. In this depiction the tag is 14 amino acid residues long.

In the alternative, the tag may replace between 1 and 5 amino acids in the protein's carboxy terminus. In the substituted tag the amino acids are charged. In a preferred embodiment the last 5 amino acids are replaced with the tag. In another preferred embodiment the last 4 amino acids are replaced with the tag. In yet another preferred embodiment the last 3 amino acids are replaced with the tag. In a more preferred embodiment the last amino acid is replaced with the tag. In a most preferred embodiment the last 2 amino acids are replaced with the tag. FIG. 7C depicts a substitution tagged protein. In this depiction the final two amino acid residues of the native protein have been replaced with two charged amino acid residues.

The charged amino acid residues may be either positively or negatively charged. The preferred negatively charged amino acids are: D or E. The preferred postively charged amino acids are: K, R or H.

The following preparations and examples are given to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand and practice the present invention. They should not be considered as limiting the scope and/or spirit of the invention, but merely as being illustrative and representative thereof.

In the experimental disclosure which follows, the following abbreviations apply: eq (equivalents); M (Molar); μM (micromolar); N (Normal); mol (moles); mmol (millimoles); μmol (micromoles); nmol (nanomoles); g (grams); mg (milligrams); kg (kilograms); μg (micrograms); L (liters); ml (milliliters); μl (microliters); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); μm (micrometers); nm (nanometers); ° C. (degrees Centigrade); h (hours); min (minutes); sec (seconds); msec (milliseconds); Ci (Curies) mCi (milliCuries); μCi (microCuries); TLC (thin layer achromatography); SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electophoresis); Ts (tosyl); Bn (benzyl); Ph (phenyl); Ms (mesyl); Et (ethyl), Me (methyl).

EXAMPLE 1 Plasmid Construction and Host Transformation

To study the degradation of SsrA-tagged proteins in B. subitilis, variants of pLATIL3 were made in which h-IL3 is expressed with different short peptide tags added to the COOH-terminus of h-IL3:

-   -   Variant 1: plasmid pLATIL3-BStag; expresses the hIL3 variant         hIL3-AA: hIL3 with an apolar C-terminal B. subitilis SsrA-tag         [GKTNSFNQNVALAA] (SEQ ID NO:______)     -   Variant 2: plasmid pLATIL3-DDtag; expresses the hIL3 variant         hIL3-DD: hIL3 with a negatively charged C-terminal tag         [GKTNSFNQNVALDD] (SEQ ID NO:______), this variant differs from         variant 1 (hIL3-AA) only in the last two C-terminal amino acids         (two aspartic acids (DD) instead of two alanine (AA) residues)     -   Variant 3: plasmid pLATIL3-ECtag; expresses the hIL3 variant         hIL3-ECAA: hIL3 with an apolar C-terminal E. coli SsrA tag         [AANDENYALAA] (SEQ ID NO:______)

Plasmids, bacterial strains and media. Table I lists the plasmids and bacterial strains used in this study. E. coli strains were grown in or on 2xYT medium (Bacto tryptone, 16 g/l; yeast extract, 10 g/l; and NaCl, 5 g/l). B. subitilis strains were grown in TSB (Tryptone Soya Broth from Oxoid, 30 g/l), or 2×SSM (Spizizen's minimal medium; Harwood et al. 1990 Molecular biological methods for Bacillus. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom), or on SMA (Spizizen's minimal agar; Harwood et al. 1990), or HI-agar (Heart Infusion agar from Difco, 40 g/l). When appropriate, media were supplemented with ampicillin, 100 μg/ml; chloramphenicol, 5 μg/ml; erythromycin, 1 μg/mi; neomycin, 10 μg/ml; spectinomycin, 100 μg/ml; tetracycline, 10 μg/ml and/or isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG; 500 μM).

Plasmid DNA was isolated with the QIAprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen) according to the instructions, except that B. subitilis cells were, incubated with lysozyme (5 mg/ml in buffer P1) for 10′ at 37° C. prior to addition of lysis buffer (buffer P2). Chromosomal DNA was isolated as described previously (Harwood et al. 1990). Procedures for DNA restriction, ligation, agarose gel electrophoresis, and transformation of E. coli were carried out as described in Sambrook et al. (1989. Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Enzymes were from Life technologies.

Transformation of competent cells was used to transfer DNA (plasmids, linear DNA) into B. subitilis (Harwood et al. 1990). PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was carried out with High Fidelity Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase (Life technologies) and if required PCR fragments were purified with the Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). DNA primers were from Life technologies and DNA sequencing was performed by BaseClear (Leiden, The Netherlands). Plasmid pLATIL3TERM was obtained by PCR on pLATIL3 with the primers pLATIL3SXHfw (5′ GTC GAC CTC GAG ACC CCA AGC TTG GCG TAA TC 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and pLATIL3T3rv (5′ GTC GAC CTC GAG CGG CAG AAT CTT TTT TTG ATT CTG CCG CAA AGT CGT CTG TTG AGC CTG 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______). The resulting DNA fragment was purified, digested with Xhol, self-ligated, and transformed directly into B. subitilis. One of the plasmid clones, found to be correct by DNA sequencing, was designated pLATIL3TERM. This plasmid holds the transcription terminator of the foIC gene (present in primer pLATIL3T3rv) at the 3′ end of the AmyL-hIL-3 gene, just in front of an in-frame stop codon. Plasmid pLATILBStag was obtained by a PCR on pLATIL3 with the primers pLATIL3T2FW (5′ CTG CAG CTC GAG GAT ATC GTC GAC CGG CAG AAT CAA AAA AAG ATT CTG CCG ACC CCA AGC TTG GCG TAA TC 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and pIL3BStagRV (5′ CTT CTA CTC GAG TCA GGC AGC TAA TGC TAC GTT TTG GTT AAA ACT GTT AGT, TTT GCC TGC, GCT CAA AGT CGT CTG TTG AGC 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______). The resulting PCR fragment was purified, digested with Xhol, self-ligated, and transformed into B. subitilis. A few clones were checked by DNA sequencing and one correct clone was selected and named pLATIL3BStag. Plasmid pLATIL3DDtag and pLATIL3ECtag were made in the same way but instead of primer pIL3BstagRV, primer pIL3DDtagRV (5′ CTT CTA CTC GAG TCA GTC GTC TAA TGC TAC GTT TTG GTT AAA ACT GTT AGT TTT GCC TGC GCT CAA AGT CGT CTG TTG AGC 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and primer pIL3EctagRV (5′ CTT CTA CTC GAG TCA AGC TGC TAA AGC GTA GTT TTC GTC GTT TGC TGC GCT CAA AGT CGT CTG TTG AGC 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) were used, respectively. To construct B. subitilis ΔssrA mutants, ssrA and its flanking regions (approximately 2.2 kb) was amplified by PCR with the primers pSsrAFW (5′ CAG CTC CGT CTG AGG AAA AAG 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and pSsrARV (5′ CGA AGT GGG CGA TTT CTT CCG 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO, resulting in plasmid pTPSsrA. Plasmid pSsrASp was obtained by inserting a pDG1726-derived Sp resistance marker (Guérout-Fluery et al. 1995. Antibiotic-resistance cassettes for Bacillus subitilis. Gene 167:335-336) into the unique SacI site in the ssrA gene of pTPSsrA. Finally, B. subitilis 168 ΔssrA and WB600 ΔssrA were obtained by a double cross-over recombination event between the disrupted ssrA gene of pSsrASp and the chromosomal ssrA gene in B. subitilis 168 and WB600, respectively. SsrA^(DD) expressing B. subitilis strains were made as follows: a fragment consisting of a 5′ end part of ssrA including the ssrA promoter region, was amplified with the primers pSsrAHindIIIfw (5′ TTC TAA AAG CTT AGT GCT TGA TTC GAA AAT CAG GCC TGT G 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and pSsrADDintRV (5′ GAG CTC GCT GCG CTT ATT AGT CGT CTA ATG CTA CGT TTT GGT TAA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:______); contains the alteration of the two alanine codons in the SsrA tag sequence into codons for aspartic acid residues). In addition, an overlapping 3′end part of ssrA was amplified with the primers pSSrADDintFW (5′ TTA ACC AAA ACG TAG CAT TAG ACG ACT AAT AAG CGC AGC GAG CTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:______); also containing the alteration of the two alanine codons into codons for two aspartic acid residues) and pSsrASphIRV (5′ CCT CCG TGC ATG CTT CCT CTT ATT TAT TGA CAG AAA TCT G 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______). Both fragments were assembled in a fusion PCR with primers pSsrAHindIIIFW and pSsrASphIRV, and cloned in pCR2.1-TOPO, resulting in plasmid pSsrADD. The correct sequence of the fusion product in pSsrADD was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Next, a selective marker (the Tc resistance cassette derived from pDG1515; Guérout-Fluery et al. 1995. Antibiotic-resistance cassettes for Bacillus subitilis. Gene 167:335-336) that functions in B. subitilis, was cloned into the EcoRV site of pSsrADD, resulting in plasmid pSsrADDTc. Finally, B. subitilis 168 IssrA^(DD) and WB600 IssrA^(DD) were obtained by a Campbell-type integration (single cross-over) of pSsrADDTc into one of the disrupted ssrA regions on the chromosome of B. subitilis 168 ΔssrA and WB600 ΔssrA, respectively. These strains contain an active copy of the ssrA^(DD) gene on the chromosome (under control of the native ssrA promoter) and a disrupted copy of wild-type ssrA (insertion of the Sp resistance marker), as confirmed by PCR. To construct B. subitilis WB600 ΔctpA, WB600 was transformed with chromosomal DNA of BSE-23. In BSE-23, the ctpA gene is replaced by a spectinomycin resistance cassette (Edwin Lee, Genencor International Palo Alto, unpublished). WB600 ΔyvjB was obtained as follows: yvjB and its flanking regions (approximately 3.5 kb) was amplified by PCR with the primers pYvjBFW (5′ AGA GTT TTA AAT CTC TCG GGA GAA ACA CAT GGA TGA CAT T 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and pYvjBRV (5′ TGT ATA TGT AAA TTT CAG ATC ATC ATA AAT ATC TGC TAT T 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and cloned in pCR2.1-TOPO, resulting in plasmid pTPYvjB, Plasmid pTPYvjBTc was obtained by replacing an internal SmaI-AccI fragment of the yvjB gene in pTPYvjB with a pDG1515-derived Tc resistance marker (Guérout-Fluery et al. 1995. Antibiotic-resistance cassettes for Bacillus subitilis. Gene 167:335-336). Finally, B. subitilis WB600 ΔyvjB was obtained by a double cross-over recombination event between the disrupted yvjB gene of pTPYvjBTc and the chromosomal yvjB gene. To construct B. subitilis WB600 IclpP, the 5′ end region of the clpP gene was amplified by PCR with the primers pClpPEcoFW (5′ CTT ACC GAA TTC GTG AAG GAG GAG CAT TAT G 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) containing a EcORI site, and pClpPBamRV (5′ GCC TTT GGA TCC GGC TGC AAG CAG GAA CGC 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) containing a BamHI site. The amplified fragment was cleaved with EcoRI and BamHI, and cloned in the corresponding sites of pMutin2 (Vagner et al. 1998. A vector for systematic gene inactivation in Bacillus subitilis. Microbiology 144:3097-3104), resulting in plasmid pMutClpP. B. subitilis WB600 IclpP was obtained by a Campbell-type integration (single cross-over) of pMutClpP into the clpP region on the chromosome. Cells of this strain are depleted for ClpP by growing them in medium without IPTG (Vagner et al. 1998). TABLE 1 Plasmids and Strains Plasmid/Strain Properties Reference pLATIL3 derivative of pGB/IL-322: contains Van Leen et al. 1991. the human IL-3 gene fused to the Production of human sequence encoding the signal interleukin-3 using peptide of B. licheniformis α- industrial microorganisms. amylase (amyL-hIL-3); the amyL-hIL- Biotechnology 9: 47-52. 3 gene fusion is under control of the amylase promoter, 4.3 kb; Nm^(R) pLATIL3TERM derivative of pLATIL3; contains the This work transcription terminator of the B. subtilis foIC gene inserted just in front of the stop codon of amyL-hIL- 3/4.1 kb; Nm^(R) pLATIL3BStag derivative of pLATIL3; contains This work amyL-hIL-3 fused at the 3′end to the sequence encoding the B. subtilis SsrA peptide tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALAA); 4.2 kb; Nm^(R) pLATIL3DDtag derivative of pLATIL3; contains This work amyL-hIL-3 fused at the 3′end to the sequence encoding a variant SsrA- DD-tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALDD); 4.2 kb; Nm^(R) pLATIL3ECtag derivative of pLATIL3; contains This work amyL-hIL-3 fused at the 3′end to the sequence encoding the E. coli SsrA peptide tag (AANDENYALAA); 4.2 kb; Nm^(R) pCR2.1-TOPO TA cloning vector for PCR products; Invitrogen 3.9 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R) pTPSsrA pCR2.1-TOPO derivative; carrying This work the ssrA gene + flanking regions; 6.1 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R) pSsrASp derivative of pTPSsrA for the This work disruption of ssrA; 7.0 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R); Sp^(R) pSsrADD pCR2.1-TOPO derivative; carrying a This work ssrA^(DD) gene variant: the last two codons of the tag sequence in ssrA (gct gcc) encoding two alanines are changed into gac gac, encoding two aspartic acid residues; 4.6 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R) pSsrADDTc derivative of pSsrADD; carrying This work ssrA^(DD) and a Tc resistance cassette; for integration of ssrA^(DD) on the B. subtilis chromosome; 6.8 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R); Tc^(R) pTPYvjB pCR2.1-TOPO derivative; carrying This work the yvjB gene + flanking regions; 7.4 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R) pTPYvjBTc derivative of pTPYvjB for the This work disruption of yvjB; 8.9 kb; Ap^(R); Km^(R); Tc^(R) pMutin2 pBR322-based integration vector for Vagner et al. 1998. A B. subtilis; containing a multiple vector for systematic gene cloning site downstream of the inactivation in Bacillus Pspac promoter, and a promoter-less subtilis. Microbiology 1998 lacZ gene preceded by the 144: 3097-3104. RBS of the spoVG gene; 8.6 kb; Ap^(R); Em^(R) pMutClpP pMutin2 derivative; carrying the 5′ This work part of the B. subtilis clpP gene; 8.9 kb; Ap^(R); Em^(R) Strains E. coli TOP10 F mcrA Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC) Invitrogen Φ80lacZΔM15 ΔlacX74 recA1 deoR araD139 Δ(ara-leu)7697 galU galK rpsL (Str^(R)) endA1 nupG XL1-Blue recA1 endA1 gyrA96 thi-1 hsdR17 Stratagene supE44 relA1 lac [F¢proAB lacl^(q)ZDM15 Tn10 (Tet^(r))] B. subtilis 168 trpC2 Kunst et al. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the Gram- positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature 390: 249- 256. 168 ΔssrA trpC2, ssrA; Sp^(R) This work 168 IssrA^(DD) trpC2, IssrA^(DD); Tc^(R); integration of This work pSsrADDTc in ssrA::spec in 168 ΔssrA WB600 trpC, nprE, aprE, epr, bpf, mpr, Wu et al. 1991. nprB Engineering a Bacillus subtilis expression- secretion system with a strain deficient in six extracellular proteases. J. Bacteriol. 173: 4952-4958: BSE-23 ctpA; Sp^(R) E. Lee, unpublished WB600 ΔctpA trpC, nprE, aprE, epr, bpf, mpr, This work nprB, ctpA; Sp^(R) WB600 ΔyvjB trpC, nprE, aprE, epr, bpf, mpr, This work nprB yvjB; Tc^(R) WB600 IclpP trpC, nprE, aprE, epr, bpf, mpr, This work nprB, Pspac-clpP; clpP-lacZ; Em^(R) WB600 ΔssrA trpC, nprE, aprE, epr, bpf, mpr, This work nprB, ssrA; Sp^(R) WB600 IssrA^(DD) trpC, nprE, aprE, epr, bpf, mpr, This work nprB, IssrA^(DD); Tc^(R)

EXAMPLE 2 IL-3 Expression

When fused to the signal peptide of B. licheniformis α-amylase, human interleukin-3 can be secreted by B. subitilis (Van Leen et al. (1991), Biotechnology, 9: 47-52). Plasmid pLATIL3 contains the h-IL3 gene fused to the coding region of the B. licheniformis α-amylase (AmyL) signal peptide; in this plasmid expression of the hybrid AmyL-hIL3 gene is controlled by the B. licheniformis α-amylase promoter. During secretion, the AmyL signal peptide is removed from the AmyL-hIL3 precursor by signal peptidases, and mature hIL3 is released into the medium.

Expression of the human IL-3 gene lacking an in-frame stop codon in wild-type B. subitilis and in an ssrA mutant. Mutant 168 ΔssrA was created, in which the ssrA gene is disrupted by insertion of a spectinomycin resistance cassette. The mutation was checked by PCR, and the absence of SsrA RNA in the mutant was confirmed by Northern blot analysis (FIG. 1A). Growth of 168 ΔssrA was somewhat reduced compared to the wild-type strain (FIG. 1B), as reported recently by Muto et al. (2000. Requirement of transfer-messenger RNA for the growth of Bacillus subitilis under stresses. Genes Cells 5:627-635). They also observed that growth rates of cells without SsrA decreased with elevating temperatures (>45° C.). In addition, our results show that growth is more affected at low temperatures (<25° C.) then at temperatures between 30-45° C. (FIG. 2C), indicating a mild cold-sensitivity of growth in mutant 168 ΔssrA.

Plasmid pLATIL3, a derivative of pGB/IL-322, contains an expression cassette for the production of human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) by Bacilli (Van Leen et al. 1991). In this construct, the B. licheniformis α-amylase (AmyL) signal peptide is used to direct secretion of mature hIL-3. As a model for SsrA-mediated peptide tagging in B. subitilis, a variant of plasmid pLATIL3 was created in which a transcription terminator is inserted into the AmyL-hIL3 gene, just in front of its stop codon. Transformation of this plasmid (pLATIL3TERM) into B. subitilis will result in AmyL-hIL3 transcripts lacking in-frame stop codons. According to the tmRNA model for SsrA mediated tagging of proteins. (Keiler et al. 1996), translation of these transcript will result in ribosome stalling, and subsequently recruitment of SsrA, peptide tagging, and finally degradation of the tagged hIL-3 molecules by specific proteases. To test this model in Bacillus, the extracellular proteins produced in cultures of B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3TERM), 168 ΔssrA (pLATIL3TERM), and the control strain 168 (pLATIL3), were analyzed by Western blotting (FIG. 2). Human IL-3 accumulated in the medium of strain 168 ΔssrA (pLATIL3TERM), but could not be detected in the medium of B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3TERM) containing functional SsrA. These data indicate that B. subitilis SsrA has a role in a process in Which proteins translated from mRNAs lacking an in-frame stop codon are degraded. In contrast, in cells without SsrA the hIL-3 molecules are released from stalled ribosomes by an SsrA-independent mechanism (see below). These molecules do not receive a peptide-tag and, therefore are not rapidly degraded by B. subitilis.

RNA isolation and Northern blotting. RNA was isolated with the TRIzol method according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer (Life technologies), but with one modification: cells were incubated for 10 min at 37° C. with lysozyme (2 mg/ml) prior to lysis in TRIzol solution. Northern blotting was performed after electrophoresis of RNA through gels containing formaldehyde (Sambrook et al. 1989). To this purpose, Hybond-N+ nylon membrane from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech was used. The SsrA-specific. probe was amplified by PCR with the primers SsrAFRWDP (5′ ACG TTA CGG ATT CGA CAG GGA TGG 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______) and SsrAREVP (5′ GAG TCG AAC CCA CGT CCA GAA A 3′) (SEQ ID NO:______). Labeling of the probe, hybridization and detection was performed with the ECL direct nucleic acid labeling and detection system from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech according to the manufacturer's instructions.

EXAMPLE 3 Enhanced Protease Resistance

A pulse-chase assay was performed with the strains B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3-BStag) and B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3-DDtag) (FIG. 2). NB: the h-IL3 variants expressed by these two strains (hIL3-AA and hIL3-DD) differ only in the last two COOH-terminal amino acids: two alanine residues in hIL3-AA and two aspartic acid residues for hIL3-DD. In the pulse-chase experiment, the initial level (pulse 1 min; chase 0′) of extracellular hIL3-DD proved to be roughly 5 times higher than that of hIL3-AA (compare lane 1 with lane 7). In addition, hIL3-AA proteins were degraded With half lives of <2 min, while the h-IL3-DD molecules had half-lives of approximately 5 min.

Protein labeling, SDS-PAGE, and fluorography. Pulse-chase labeling of B. subitilis and SDS-PAGE was essentially as described previously (Van DijI et al. 1991. Non-functional expression of Escherichia coli signal peptidase I in Bacillus subitilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:2073-2083). However, samples collected after chase times of 0, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min were centrifuged for 10 seconds, and only the extracellular proteins (in the culture supernatant) were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and eventually subjected to SDS-PAGE. Fluorography was performed with Amplify fluorographic reagent (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech). Protein bands were quantified using the Storm Phosphorlmager system (Molecular Dynamics).

Western blot analysis. To obtain anti-BsSsrAtag antibodies (antibodies that recognize proteins with a C-terminal B. subitilis SsrA-tag), synthetic peptide AGKTNSFNQNVALAA (SEQ ID NO:______) (coupled via an amino-terminal cysteine residue to KLH carrier) was injected into rabbits. (Eurogentec). Serum of the final bleed of one of the rabbits was selected for affinity purification, and this purified serum was used in the Western blot procedures. Antibodies against human IL-3 were mouse monoclonals (Van Leen et al. 1991. Production of human interleukin-3 using industrial microorganisms. Biotechnology 9:47-52). Immunoblotting and detection was performed with alkaline phosphatase-labeled conjugate and the BM Chromogenic Western Blotting kit (Roche Diagnostics) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.

Stability of hIL-3 variants with different C-terminal tags produced by B. subitilis. To further investigate whether the B. subitilis SsrA tag functions as a degradation signal for secreted proteins, three variants of plasmid pLATIL3 were created. Plasmid pLATIL3BStag contains a gene variant encoding hIL-3 fused at the C-terminus to the B. subtilis SsrA peptide tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALAA), plasmid pLATIL3ECtag contains a gene variant encoding h-IL3 fused at the C-terminus to the E. coli SsrA tag (AANDENYALAA). The third plasmid pLATIL3DDtag contains a gene encoding h-IL3 fused at the C-terminus to the sequence encoding a DD-tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALDD). This tag is equal to the B. subitilis SsrA-tag (AA-tag), but instead of two alanines at the extreme C-terminus it contains two aspartic acid residues. The DD-tag was suspected to be relatively resistant to proteolytic degradation, as observed for E. coli (Abo et al. 2000. SsrA-mediated tagging and proteolysis of LacI and its role in the regulation of lac operon. EMBO J. 19:3762-3769; Roche et al. 1999). The extracellular proteins produced by cells of B. subitilis 168 containing pLATIL3, pLATIL3BStag, pLATIL3DDtag, or pLATIL3ECtag, were analyzed by Western blotting (FIG. 3A). The amount of the hIL-3-DDtag present in the medium was found to be roughly 5 times higher then that of wild-type hIL-3, hIL-3-AAtag or hIL-3-ECtag. Human interleukin-3 molecules produced by wild-type B. subitilis are relatively unstable due to proteolytic degradation, and the results represented in FIG. 3A suggest that addition of a C-terminal SsrA-tag does not lead to increased degradation of hIL-3 molecules. It is important to note, however, that in E. coli proteins tagged cotranslationally by the SsrA system are degraded more rapidly than proteins with essentially the same sequence in which the SsrA tag is DNA encoded (Gottesman et al. 1998. The ClpXP and ClpAP proteases degrade proteins with carboxy-terminal peptide tails added by the SsrA-tagging system. Genes Dev. 12:1338-1347). The results obtained with pLATIL3TERM (FIG. 2) indicate that this is also true for B. subtilis. Strikingly, addition of the DD-tag (with two charged, polar residues at the extreme C-terminus) leads to a higher level of extracellular hIL-3, indicating that DD-tagged hIL-3 is less susceptible to proteolytic degradation. To explore this further, a pulse-chase assay was performed with the B. subitilis strain 168 (pLATIL3BStag) and 168 (pLATIL3DDtag) (FIG. 3B and 3C). The initial level (chase time=0 min) of hIL-3-DDtag in the medium is approximately 4 times higher then that of hIL-3-AAtag. In addition, the hIL-3-AAtag variant was degraded with a half-life of <2 min, whereas the half-life of hIL-3-DDtag was somewhat increased (approximately 5 min). The latter observation supports that DD-tagged hIL-3 is less susceptible to extracellular proteases compared to hIL-3 with an AA-tag. However, the observation that the initial level of hIL3-DDtag in the medium is considerably higher then that of hIL3-AAtag indicates that hIL3-AAtag is also subject to proteolytic degradation before the molecules reach the medium, e.g. during passage of the cell wall of B. subitilis.

EXAMPLE 4 Prolonged Half-life

Detection of cotranslationally SsrA-tagged hIL-3 secreted by WB600 and by cells expressing an SsrA^(DD) variant. To detect SsrA-tagged h-IL3 molecules secreted by B. subitilis and to identify proteases that have a role in the degradation of SsrA-tagged hIL-3, two different approaches were used. First, pLATIL3TERM was expressed in WB600, a B. subitilis strain lacking six extracellular proteases (Wu et al. 1991. Engineering a Bacillus subitilis expression-secretion system with a strain deficient in six extracellular proteases. J. Bacteriol. 173:4952-4958), which may be responsible for the degradation of extracellular, SsrA-tagged hIL-3. In the medium of a culture of WB600 (pLATIL3TERM), a band was detected reacting with antibodies against hIL-3 as well as with antibodies raised against the predicted B. subitilis SsrA-tag (FIG. 4, lane 3 and 8). This band is absent in the medium of B. subitilis 168 (pLATIL3TERM) (lanes 2 and 7) and WB600 ΔssrA (pLATIL3TERM) (lanes 4 and 9). Thus, hIL-3 molecules translated from mRNAs that lack termination codons are tagged by B. subitilis SsrA. The fact that these tagged molecules react with antibodies raised against the predicted B. subitilis SsrA peptide tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALAA) indicates that this prediction, which was based on comparative sequence analysis of SsrA sequences of several bacteria (Williams 2000), was correct. In addition, it can be concluded that at least one of the major extracellular proteases of B. subitilis (those that are absent in WB600) plays a role in the degradation of extracellular, SsrA-tagged h-IL3. When SsrA is absent, stalled ribosomes are released by an SsrA-independent mechanism, referred to as ‘run-off translation’ (Williams et al. 1999. Resuming translation on tmRNA: a unique mode of determining a reading frame. EMBO J. 18:5423-5433). The upper band in lane 4 probably represents the run-off translation product of full-length hIL-3 mRNA from pLATIL3TERM, while the bands with lower molecular weight are most likely degradations products thereof. It seems that some run-off translation product is also formed when SsrA is present (lane 3), but it cannot be excluded that this band is just an N-terminal degradation product of SsrA-tagged hIL-3.

As a second approach to detect SsrA-tagged proteins, we constructed B. subitilis strains that express an SsrA variant (SsrA^(DD)), in which the final two codons of the peptide reading frame are changed to encode aspartic acid residues instead of alanines. As mentioned above, it was shown in E. coli that an SsrA^(DD) variant mediates the addition of a peptide tag that does not lead to rapid degradation (Abo et al. 2000; Karzai et al. 1999. SmpB, a unique RNA-binding protein essential for the peptide-tagging activity of SsrA (tmRNA). EMBO J. 18:3793-3799). Evaluation of the antibodies that were raised against the predicted B. subitilis SsrA tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALAA) showed that they recognize the hIL-3 fused at the C-terminus to either the wild-type tag (AA-tag) or the protease resistant DD-tag (AGKTNSFNQNVALDD) (data not shown). Human IL-3 molecules tagged by SsrA^(DD) and subsequently secreted (FIG. 4, lanes 5 and 10) are indeed relatively more stable then hIL-3 molecules tagged by wild-type SsrA (lanes 3 and 8), even in the six-fold protease negative strain WB600. The level of full-length SsrA^(DD)-tagged hIL-3 in the medium is somewhat higher then that of (wild-type) SsrA-tagged h-IL3 (FIG. 3, compare lane 10 with lane 8) and relatively few degradation products of SsrA^(DD)-tagged hIL-3 were detected with anti-hIL-3 antibody (compare lane 5 with lane 3). This observation suggests that besides the major extracellular proteases that are deleted in WB600, one (or more) additional protease is involved in the degradation of SsrA-tagged hIL-3. Therefore, we studied the role of three other proteases with respect to degradation of SsrA-tagged hIL-3.

CtpA has an additional role in the degradation of SsrA-tagged hIL-3 secreted by B. subitilis. Three derivatives of WB600 were constructed. One WB600 ΔctpA, carried a deletion in the ctpA gene, a homologue of the E. coli gene encoding Tsp (tail specific protease). The other two, WB600 ΔyvjB and WB600 IclpP, carried a deletion of the yvjB gene (also a homologue of E. coli tsp) or the clpP gene placed under control of the IPTG-dependent Pspac promoter of pMutin2, respectively. These three strains, together with WB600 and WB600 ΔssrA, were transformed with plasmid pLATIL3TERM, grown in TSB medium with neomycin, and culture supernatants of cells entering the stationary phase were analyzed by Western blotting with anti-hIL-3 antibodies and anti-Bs-SsrAtag antibodies (FIG. 5). SsrA-tagged h-IL3 could not be detected in the medium of cells lacking SsrA (FIG. 5, lanes 5 and 10), but was present when cells contained functional SsrA (all other lanes). As observed previously (FIG. 3), it seems that some full-length, run-off translation product is not only formed when cells lack SsrA (FIG. 5, lane 5), but also when SsrA is present (lanes 1-4). However, as mentioned before, it cannot be excluded that the protein bands in lanes 1-4, which have the same mobility as full-length, run-off product (upper band in lane 5), represent a degradation product of SsrA-tagged hIL-3. Inactivation of yvjB or clpP in WB600 did not alter the amount of SsrA-tagged hIL-3 in the medium (compare lanes 1 and 6 with lanes 3 and 8, and lanes 4 and 9). The absence of functional CtpA in WB600, however, leads to a higher amount of SsrA-tagged hIL-3 in the medium (lanes 2 and 7) and also to a lower amount of the two smallest degradation products of hIL-3 (lane 2). Thus, the protease CtpA also plays a role in the degradation of SsrA-tagged h-IL3 secreted by B. subitilis.

EXAMPLE 5 SsrA Tagging of Native B. subitilis Proteins

B. subitilis 168 ΔssrA^(DD) expressing the variant SsrA^(DD) RNA, containing the protease-resistant DD-tag sequence, was analyzed by Western blotting using the anti-Bs-SsrAtag antibodies to detect native proteins of B. subitilis that are tagged through the SsrA system. As controls, cells of B. subitilis 168 (expressing wild-type SsrA) and 168 ΔssrA were used. Samples were taken of cells that were in the exponential growth phase or in the stationary phase, and the intracellular proteins and the extracellular proteins were analyzed separately. A large number of intracellular proteins were detected by anti-Bs-SsrAtag antibody when cells expressed SsrA^(DD) (FIG. 6, lanes 2 and 8), while almost all of these bands were absent in cells expressing either wild-type SsrA (lanes 1 and 7) or no SsrA (lanes 3 and 9). As observed in E. coli (Abo et al. 2000), these results indicate that many endogenous cellular proteins were tagged by the SsrA system, resulting in chimeric proteins. The proteins with the wild-type SsrA tag (AA-tag) are subsequently degraded by proteases, while proteins with the DD-tag escape from proteolysis. While in the exponential growth phase the majority of the reacting bands were of relatively low molecular weight (lane 2), in the stationary phase a shift was observed towards proteins with a higher molecular weight (lane 8). In the exponential growth phase, no SsrA^(DD)-tagged proteins could be detected in the medium (lane 5), while in the stationary phase only a,vague smear was observed (lane 11). This is most likely due to cell lysis, by which some intracellular SsrA-tagged proteins end up in the medium. It appears that SsrA-mediated trans-translation occurs quite frequently in normally growing bacilli, and most natural substrates of SsrA seem be to intracellular proteins.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A process for enhanced secretion of a polypeptide in bacteria, comprising: (a) culturing bacterial cells that contain a recombinant expression vector comprising a first DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide that can be secreted by the bacteria and a second DNA sequence encoding a charged, amino-acid tag covalently bonded at the carboxy-terminus of said polypeptide, such that the polypeptide is produced by the cells; and (b) optionally, recovering the polypeptide from the culture medium.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said tag comprises one or more charged amino acid residues.
 3. The process of claim 2, wherein said tag comprises at least two negatively charged amino acid residues or at least two positively charged amino acid residues.
 4. The process of claim 3, wherein said tag comprises two negatively charged amino acid residues, selected from the group consisting of D and E.
 5. The process of claim 4, wherein said tag comprises two D residues.
 6. The process of claim 3, wherein said tag comprises two positively charged amino acid residues, selected from the group consisting of K and N.
 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said tag comprises two K residues.
 8. The process of claim 1, wherein said bacteria is a Bacillus species.
 9. The process of claim 8, wherein said bacteria is B. subitilis.
 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said expression vector further includes a DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide operatively linked to said first DNA sequence.
 11. The process of claim 10, wherein said signal peptide is B. licheniformis α-amylase (AmyL) signal peptide.
 12. The process of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide is a heterologous protein selected from the group consisting of hormones, enzymes, and growth factors.
 13. The process of claim 12, wherein said protein is human interleukin.
 14. A method for enhancing the secretion of a heterologous-polypeptide in a Bacillus species, comprising: substituting one or-more of the C-terminal amino acids residues of said polypeptide with at least one charged amino acid residue, or adding one or more charged amino acid residues to the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the last two amino acid residues of said polypeptide are substituted with a D.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the last two amino acid residues of said polypeptide are substituted with a E.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the last two amino acid residues of said polypeptide are substituted with a K.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the last two amino acid residues of said polypeptide are substituted with a N.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein two D residues are added at the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein two E residues are added at the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein two K residues are added at the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
 22. The method of claim 14, wherein two N residues are added at the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
 23. A method of reducing the susceptibility of a polypeptide to an extracellular protease of a microorganism, said method comprising substituting one or more of the C-terminal amino acids residues of said polypeptide with at least one charged amino acid residue, or adding one or more charged amino acid residues to the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
 24. An expression cassette comprising a first DNA sequence encoding a protein of interest and a second DNA sequence encoding a tag, wherein the tag is covalently attached to the C-termini of the protein of interest when transcribed.
 25. The expression cassette of claim 24 further comprising a third DNA sequence encoding a signal sequence.
 26. The expression cassette of claim 25 wherein the signal sequence is for the sec-dependent secretory pathway.
 27. The expression cassette of claim 26 wherein the signal sequence is AprE.
 28. The expression cassette of claim 26 wherein the signal sequence is the B. licheniformis α-amylase (AmyL) signal peptide.
 29. The expression cassette of claim 25 wherein, the signal sequence is for the Twin Arginine Translocation secretory pathway.
 30. A recombinant protein of interest comprising a protein of interest covalently attached at its C-termini to a tag.
 31. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 29 wherein said tag is at least one amino acid residue wherein said residue is a charged residue.
 32. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 30 wherein said charged residue is negatively charged.
 33. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 31 wherein said negatively charged residue is D.
 34. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 31 wherein said negatively charged residue is E.
 35. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 30 wherein said charged residue is positively charged.
 36. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 34 wherein said positively charged residue is K.
 37. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 34 wherein said positively charged residue is N.
 38. The recombinant protein of interest of claim 29 wherein said tag is selected from the group comprising SsrA^(NN) (SEQ ID NO:______), SsrA^(DD) (SEQ ID NO:______), SsrA^(KK) (SEQ ID NO:______), and SsrA^(EE) (SEQ ID NO:______).
 39. A chimeric polypeptide comprising (i) a secretion signal peptide, (ii) a heterologous polypeptide and (iii) a tag sequence.
 40. The chimeric polypeptide of claim 39 wherein the secretion signal peptide is selected from sec-dependent or tat-dependent secretion signals.
 41. The chimeric polypeptide of claim 40 wherein the secretion signal peptide is a tat-dependent secretion signal.
 42. The chimeric polypeptide of claim 41 wherein the secretion signal peptide is selected from PhoD or LipA derived from Bacillus.
 43. The chimeric polypeptide of claim 40 wherein the secretion signal peptide is a sec-dependent secretion signal.
 44. The chimeric polypeptide of claim 43 wherein the secretion signal peptide is selected from AmyL or AprE secretion signal peptides.
 45. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence operatively linked to a second nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide wherein the last two codons of the polypeptide have been replaced with codons for a charged amino acid residue.
 46. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 45 wherein the charged amino acid residue is positively charged.
 47. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 46 wherein the charged amino acid residue is K.
 48. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 46 wherein the charged amino acid residue is N.
 49. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 45 wherein the charged amino acid residue is negatively charged.
 50. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 49 wherein the charged amino acid residue is D.
 51. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 49 wherein the charged amino acid residue is E.
 52. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence operatively linked to a second nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide and a third nucleotide sequence encoding a tag sequence. 